The Two Modes of Learning

The Focus Mode & The Diffusion Mode

Success in academics is often measured by the grades or marks scored, which typically involves elements of memorisation. But what if I told you that having a powerful memory could make you a world champion in sports like chess?

There are two modes of learning—methodical, procedural, and conceptual on one side, and intuitive, practical, and creative on the other. Barbara Oakley, in her book A Mind for Numbers, refers to these modes as the focused and diffusion modes. The focused mode of learning is step-by-step, allowing time for contemplation and mastering the fundamentals. In contrast, the diffusion mode is about learning through examples, memorising patterns, and relying on intuition or the gut.

Scientists, researchers, and academics tend to be more attuned to the focused mode of learning. On the other hand, entrepreneurs, politicians, and athletes often rely on the diffusion mode. These two seemingly opposing methods represent the yin and yang of human learning. One is reflective, thoughtful, and contemplative, while the other is about thinking on one's feet, getting the job done, and being action oriented.

The first approach is more relaxed, while the second is dynamic and active. However, thinking that one is superior to the other would be misleading. It’s equally important to recognise that both methods have their inherent limitations. Those who rely on a diffusion mode of learning are application-oriented and may excel at acquiring practical skills without deeply understanding the fundamentals. Meanwhile, focused learners are more analytical and logical, but their theoretical approach can sometimes make it challenging to solve real-world problems. The key lies in finding a balance between analytical and practical approaches.

The diffusion method involves learning from already memorised patterns—much like how chess grandmasters, who might not have exceptional IQs, can distinguish between various patterns they’ve learned through practice and apply successful combinations to outmanoeuvre their opponents. Magnus Carlsen, for instance, has 10,000 endgames in his memory and can recall the year and players of a match just by seeing the positions of pieces on the board.

Conversely, conceptual learners rely on deep thinking and the core concepts they’ve studied in a classroom setting. Not grasping logical proofs or derivations hinders their ability to understand analytical problems. However, those who can easily solve numerical and analytical problems with a pen and paper, may struggle to apply their classroom knowledge to real-life scenarios.

Both methods of learning are interconnected. In pre-modern times, skills were often acquired through apprenticeships under skilled masters or family elders. Japan still follows this system in areas requiring master craftsmanship, like sushi-making.

While there are undeniable benefits to linear and logical thinking, reflection, and contemplation, it’s equally important for learners—especially students—to develop memory structures, frameworks, and patterns over time. These help in recalling and applying knowledge for effective problem-solving.

In conclusion, there’s a need to bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and practical application—a learning system that harmonizes these differences and aligns with the professional skills needed for success in fields like technology, business, and policymaking.